The concept of sexual difference encompassing the biological, linguistic,
and cultural aspects of sex, is a tool for revealing the gendered
foundations of the understandings of subject, substance, and representation
in Western thought. This book examines the ideas of Simone
de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray together because they represent
two distinct yet complementary approaches that fundamentally question
modern Western philosophy’s grasp of subject, body, and gender.
Although both thinkers use different methods and conceptual tools,
they hold a transformative position in philosophical history by demonstrating
that the “universal subject” was, in fact, shaped around a masculine
image. The first chapter of the book serves as an introduction
to feminist approaches that emphasize the importance of equality and
difference. In the second chapter, Beauvoir’s intellectual relationship
with Hegel and Sartre is analyzed through her understanding of freedom
and subjectivity. According to Beauvoir, the status of women, who
have historically been positioned as the Other, is determined by their
condemnation to immanence against the men’s transcendent subject.
The third chapter evaluates Irigaray’s psychoanalytic heritage, inherited
from Freud and Lacan, in the context of the unrepresentability
of the feminine difference. Irigaray argues that Western metaphysics,
starting from its critique of being a metaphysics of sameness and substance,
fixes both the subject and the other within a singular economy
of meaning, thereby excluding the linguistic and cognitive possibilities
of the feminine. Consequently, the comparison of these two thinkers,
in terms of the search for reciprocity within an asymmetric dialectic
and the claim that this dialectic itself is based on a monological signifying
structure, offers a philosophical point of critique by considering
sexual difference not merely as an indicator of social inequality, but as
an ontological openness.
Keywords: Sexual Difference; Subjectivity; Substance Metaphysics;
Beauvoir; Irigaray; Sameness; Otherness