A History of the Modern Middle East
-From the Napoleonic Occupation to the Present Day-
Modern Middle Eastern history essentially examines the trajectory of
the Middle East over roughly the past two hundred and thirty years,
both on a conceptual and a periodic plane. This process begins with
Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 and encompasses the
historical developments that shaped the framework of the modern era
in the Middle East. However, the geographical boundaries of the Middle
East are not fixed; varying perspectives in both the East and the West
define this geography (and the concept itself) in different ways. While
some definitions extend the region from Morocco all the way to Tajikistan,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan, others limit it to the Levant and the
Arabian Peninsula (Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, the
Gulf Emirates, and Iraq).
Within the scope of this study, the Middle East is approached in a broader
sense, though Afghanistan is excluded from this purview. Iran is
included on the eastern border, while the northern boundary is limited
to Turkey. The western boundary of the region is not extended as
far as Morocco, remaining confined to Algeria and Tunisia, as the territories
west of this line predominantly fall outside the scope of this
analysis both in historical context and in the modern period. Consequently,
from a methodological standpoint and within the framework of
their agency in regional developments, Modern Middle Eastern history
is approached through four principal geographical axes: the Ottoman
Empire (Turkey), Iran, Egypt, and Syria. These four centers have played
a decisive role in the formation of the modern Middle East and thus
constitute the backbone of this inquiry. In addition, countries such as Israel,
Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Libya, and Iraq will be examined in detail in
specific chapters depending on the political conjuncture of the period.
The beginning of modern Middle Eastern history is generally associated
with the developments following the 1789 French Revolution, with the
ensuing 1798 Egyptian Expedition accepted as the threshold of this era.
Centuries after the Crusades, Napoleon Bonaparte’s orientation toward
the Middle East on behalf of the post-Revolutionary French Directory
with colonial ambitions, followed by the initial military intervention of
the British in the region, are regarded as the primary turning points of
this process. In this context, the modern era for the Middle East begins
as of the early 1800s.
Accordingly, the first chapter of this book outlines the historical trajectory
of the Middle East from the advent of Islam up to the year 1798.
This is because the fundamental dynamics shaping the region’s current
socio-political and cultural structure have developed largely in parallel
with the history of the Abrahamic religions. However, rather than focusing
on very early periods, this study outlines the historical formation
of the Middle East starting from the emergence of Islam. In examining
this process, a thematic approach is adopted instead of a chronological
ordering. Rather than proceeding along the historical evolution of
individual countries, the study emphasizes the core dynamics and determinative
parameters that shaped the modern Middle East. Within
this framework, the political, social, and cultural factors explaining the
structural transformation of the region are analyzed from a holistic
perspective.
Keywords: Middle East; Political History; Arab-Israeli Conflict; Nationalism;
Islamism; Foreign Policy