The Problem of Evil in the Zoroastrian Tradition
From Zarathustra’s Gatha to the Zand Literature
This book examines the problem of evil in the Zoroastrian tradition
by taking into account the theological changes and transformations
reflected in the Gatha, the Avesta, and the Zand texts, each corresponding
to different historical periods. In Zoroastrian theology, the
changes and transformations in the understanding of evil appear to
be a defining principle in conceptions of God, the cosmos, the human,
and eschatology; indeed, these conceptions are shaped in accordance
with the position assigned to evil. Moreover, it is observed
that from the Gatha, the earliest text, to the Zand literature of the
Sasanian period, evil underwent a transformation in terms of both
its nature and its status, and specific solutions to the problem of evil
were developed in those periods. Thus, the texts at times attribute
evil to human beings by reconciling God’s absolute goodness with human
freedom, while at other times they move toward a dualistic theology
that establishes the ontological independence of good and evil.
In both approaches, however, the question of the existence of evil
continually gives rise to significant logical and theological difficulties
and ambiguities. The study demonstrates that the nature of evil and
the meaning attributed to it are not uniform, owing to the presence in
the tradition’s sacred texts of both theological differences across periods
and a transformation from monotheism to dualism. Within this
framework, the perception of evil in the sacred texts, its nature, and
its relationship to God, the cosmos, and humanity are examined from
an analytical and critical perspective. Using the same methodological
approach, the study also explores the transformation of the Twin
Spirit from an abstract concept into an ontological entity, as well as
the way the tradition’s understanding of evil is interpreted in the contemporary
world. The study is structured thematically and chronologically.
Accordingly, under each heading, the textual data from the
sacred writings are examined in relation to their respective periods,
and the theological differences and transformations concerning evil
are brought to light. The evidence derived from these sacred texts
demonstrates that Zoroastrianism offers a distinctive approach to the
problem of evil, the relationship between God and evil, the establishment
of cosmic order, and the origin of evil.
Keywords: Zoroastrianism; Evil; Angra Mainyu/Ahriman; Ahura Mazda/
Ohrmazd; The Doctrine of the Twin Spirits