Woman in Jamīl Ṣidqī Al-Zahāwī’s Poems
The issue of women has consistently been a central theme attracting
the attention of writers and poets throughout lite-rary history. This subject,
addressed in both prose and po-etry, has retained its relevance
in the modern era. Particu-larly from the late 19th century onward,
debates surrounding women’s rights became increasingly prominent,
deeply enga-ging the intellectual circles of the time. Among these was
the Iraqi thinker and poet Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi (1863–1936), who also
served in the Ottoman bureaucracy and joined these debates in defense
of women. The discussions between sup-porters and opponents of women’s
rights revolved around issues such as the rights denied to women,
the means by which those rights could be achieved, and the criteria deter-
mining women’s societal status. In this context, al-Zahawi addressed
not only the legal and political aspects but also the familial, social, and
religious dimensions of women’s status. Emphasizing the role of women
as wives and mothers, he highlighted their place within the family.
From a social pers-pective, he stressed the importance of women’s participation
in the workforce, their role in societal development, and the
necessity of their education. The poet also brought to light some chronic
problems of the time, such as the early marriage of girls to elderly
men, polygamy, and divorce. He critically engaged with the views of
religious figures on women and questioned certain misconceptions and
traditions that were mistakenly accepted as part of religion. Al-Zahawi
also evalu-ated the status of women through an East–West lens, harshly
criticizing the lower regard for women in the East compared to their
Western counterparts. Another major issue that al-Zahawi addressed in
his poetry is violence against women. In the patriarchal structure of Iraqi
society, men marginalized women and viewed them as commodities.
However, al-Zahawi did not limit his poetic representation of women
to their suf-fering. He also described them as beings created by God to
bring peace and comfort to men, praising their physical bea-uty with his
distinctive literary style. He depicted features such as the face, cheeks,
eyes, stature, and hair in a poetic and expressive manner. This study is
based on al-Zahawi’s poems concerning women and employs methods
of textual analysis and interpretation.
Keywords: Arabic Language; al-Zahawi; Woman; Poetry; Modern Arabic
Literature; Social Themes; Iraq