Secular Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, the two most influential figures
in the history of utilitarianism, constructed their ethical theories by
adopting an approach that excludes all metaphysical implications and
presuppositions. Consequently, neither thinker assigns any role to God
or religion within their moral frameworks. This study aims to reveal
the background and underlying reasons for this exclusion. The principal
reason Bentham and Mill exclude God and religion from their ethical
systems is that propositions concerning these domains extend beyond
the empirical realm and thus lack verifiable grounding. For both
thinkers, such propositions inevitably become speculative. Moreover,
religion, rooted in this speculative sphere, shapes social life through
institutional structures such as churches and their clergy. This poses
a significant problem for Bentham and Mill, who seek to build society
on the foundation of the principle of utility. In their view, institutional
religion is corrupt in its existing form and constitutes one of the most
significant obstacles to the moral development of individuals and society.
While Bentham advocates the complete removal of religion from
social life, Mill, going further, proposes a secular replacement-what he
calls “the Religion of Humanity.” Accordingly, Bentham and Mill shift
the debate on religion from the realm of truth and falsity to that of
utility and harm. The central question for them is not whether religious
doctrines are true, but whether religion contributes to human happiness.
Their answer is unequivocal: religion hinders both individual and
collective flourishing. Since the principle of utility provides the sole
sufficient standard for determining right action, any religion or belief
system can survive only under its authority. A religion that conflicts
with utility cannot endure. Thus, where the principle of utility prevails,
religion becomes unnecessary, offering nothing that utility cannot already
supply, and often standing as an obstacle to human happiness.
Keywords: Religion; Utilitarianism; Secular Utilitarianism; Principle of
Utility; Bentham; Mill